Sodium chloride is a very important compound. state the propertied of Essay

Sodium chloride is a significant compound. express the propertied of it and talk about the numerous items produced using it - Essay Example Let us think about every one of these angles in a definite way. Salt was utilized even before the pre-memorable period. Creatures used to get salt from the different sources in nature and crude man got his prerequisite of salt from creature meat. At the point when he turned a cultivator, he found that some salt sources (like ocean water) gave his vegetables the salty taste that he used to jump on meat (as refered to in http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history01.htm). Later on he figured out how salt assisted with safeguarding meat, fix covers up and mend wounds. Around 4,700 years back, the Chinese Png-tzao-kan-mu, one of the soonest realized compositions recorded in excess of 40 kinds of salt (as refered to in http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history02.htm). In the British walkways, there have been hints of inland saline solutions from where old man made salt. Archeological proof is prompting Bronze Age to this deep rooted practice. â€Å"We even know the names of a couple of the Roman saltmakers. These are engraved on a portion of the lead skillet - Viventius, Veluvius and Cunitus. Complete Roman salt container are in the Salt Museum and at Nantwich Museum. The heavy skillet were approximately 90-100cm square by 15cm deep.Roman officers were mostly paid in salt. It is supposed to be from this that we get the word trooper - sal dare, which means to give salt. From a similar source we get the word compensation, salarium† (as refered to in http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history04.htm). â€Å"Salt is broadly circulated in nature. It is found in arrangement in sea water in groupings of around 30 g/liter (about 4.08 oz/gallons) of water, implying that salt makes up around 3 percent of sea water by weight. The compound is additionally circulated all through numerous streams and inland lakes and oceans, the focus differing from 0.002 percent in Mississipi River to 12 percent in the Great Salt Lake. Salt can happen as a surface hull or layer in marshes and dry lake bottoms, particularly in amazingly bone-dry locales. The mineralâ halite, all the more ordinarily known asâ rock saltâ orâ massive

When the Other Dancer is The Self free essay sample

â€Å"Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self† by Alice Walker is an article portraying her own involvement in what excellence really is. Alice Walker is an African American essayist who has won numerous honors for her composition. A couple of these honors incorporate a Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award. In her personal story â€Å"Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self,† she reveals to us the account of how she grievously lost and afterward at last recovered her confidence after much distress. She recounts to an individual story of how she never needed to function much for consideration and for individuals to reveal to her that she was delightful. Subsequent to getting shot in the eye by her siblings, she attempted to have a similar consideration. All through the article she clarifies how she conquered her hurt eye, which lead her to be more grounded and acknowledge herself. She endeavors to demonstrate anybody can figure out how to acknowledge themselves with time and tolerance. At the point when Alice was eight years of age one of her siblings shot her in the eye with a BB weapon while they are playing a round of Cowboys and Indians. This occasion causes this once quite, glad, active young lady to lose confidence in her excellence. She strolls us through the encounters she has when the mishap, and gives us how her life changed in light of her irregularity. The title from the outset may be confounding to the peruser. Above all else there is the word excellence. This word is straightforward from the outset, however the hidden implications are unending. In Alice’s paper, she alludes to excellence regarding the manner in which she glances to start with. Before the finish of the paper, Alice considers magnificence from an alternate perspective. One may think about what the noteworthiness of â€Å"When the Other Dancer Is the Self† really implies. The importance of this part of the title is difficult to decipher until perusing the article. At the end, Alice longed for the hit the dance floor with herself. Before she understands who the other artist is, she first notification her magnificence and her achievement of defeating something. When she sees the other artist is in certainty herself, she is affirmed that she has defeated her concern also. This is genuinely magnificence, when the other artist really is oneself. As I read this article, I for one get the sentiment of pity for her. The nitty gritty stories that are incorporated add such a great amount to the inclination one gets. This is the utilization of feeling. Walker hops from past content with her appearance to not needing anybody to take a gander at her when she strolls around. Her deplorable story of being dismissed at school could truly connect with somebody who was harassed in school, for looks, however for other potential imperfections also. Alice’s paper is motivating for me, and I have not been in a circumstance like hers previously. On the off chance that the exposition had an impact like this on me, the impact on other people who have been in her position could be much more prominent. A potential significance of this article could be that Alice Walker needed to perceive her achievement in tolerating herself and recognizing what magnificence genuinely is. In view of this, Walker’s crowd would be ladies with defects, which most would concur this is all ladies. There is consistently one part of the body that a lady isn't sure with. After perusing this paper, there is a feeling of a certainty supporter. Despite the fact that there is a physical and mental scar, the creator demonstrates that there is an approach to conquer these idea to be issues and acknowledge them as a feature of who one may be. The way toward tolerating oneself is in some cases long and hard, however at long last there is no more noteworthy prize. The theory of this article isn't plainly expressed. There are numerous ramifications all through that clue towards the purpose of tolerating oneself for all blemishes, however Alice Walker never really expresses this. By utilizing this method, the peruser needs to burrow for the significance. Now and again one may locate this uninteresting, however she keeps the reader’s consideration with her point by point stories and hauling one’s feelings along as she reveals to her story. The exposition brings to the reader’s consideration how much accentuation is put on excellence. Before Alice Walker got shot in the eye, excellence was obviously a significant piece of her life. She starts the story where she makes clear that she knows she’s excellent. In the absolute starting point of the exposition, Alice says to her dad, â€Å"I’m the prettiest! † She quickly is utilizing her magnificence to pick up her father’s endorsement. Alice is clear with the crowd that she is sure with herself and her external excellence. She shows at an early stage in the exposition how significant this magnificence is. By what she thinks, however by others' opinion of her also. At the point when the individuals in her general public recognize her excellence so frequently, this lone adds to the significance. Alice makes a point to get this point across at an early stage so the peruser sees the amount of a change she encountered after the â€Å"accident. † â€Å"It was incredible fun being charming. Be that as it may, at that point, at some point, it finished. † This announcement totally changes the reader’s sentiments. In the wake of working up a picture in their mind of this valuable young lady, there is clearly a disastrous occasion going to happen and the crowd may have some compassion toward Alice now. As she proceeds to recount to the nitty gritty anecdote about how she was shot by her siblings, the peruser can nearly feel precisely what Alice Walker felt. She recounts to the account of her mishap and following, Walker says how she would now be not able to stroll around with her head up. Walker utilizes the mishap that occurs during her youth to demonstrate that one’s mentality can be changed in view of an encounter, for example, hers. Her demeanor totally transforms from a bombastic and careless kid into a lady who sees an alternate sort of excellence than she had previously. All through the exposition, Alice Walker recounts to short accounts of her life to let the peruser feel as though they know a greater amount of what she has experienced. The more the peruser knows, the simpler time they have interfacing with her story. Alice utilizes redundancy all through the exposition to underline what she wants to cause to notice. She tries to tell her crowd that others constantly advised her, â€Å"You didn't change. † In this short, straightforward sentence, she says a thousand explanations. Despite the fact that Alice doesn't understand when she is told she didn't change that the others were not discussing her appearance. They were mentioning to her that regardless of what her eye resembled, what her identity was didn't change, and she was as yet excellent. Alice didn't have the foggiest idea about this, however. She had an effect on others, not just on the grounds that she was simple on the eyes, but since she carried a grin to their face. Walker gives her disdain for her previous self by demonstrating that satisfaction can some of the time simply be transitory. As a result of this early portrayal, Walker would then be able to utilize the exceptional change which happens later to communicate her outrageous mentality change with more prominent impact on the peruser. Alice didn't have a clue how to acknowledge herself in the wake of getting shot. Most perusers can identify with this some way or another. At the point when her little girl reveals to her that she has a world in her eye, Alice is halted abruptly. The impact of this line on the peruser at last leaves them speechless, also. This is an entirely different light of taking a gander at the circumstance by utilizing this similitude. The feeling raised in both the peruser and Alice is extraordinary. The finish of the exposition presents and clarifies the expression, â€Å"When the other artist is oneself. † Although Alice had a hard street of recuperating from her mishap, she in the long run acknowledges she is similarly as delightful as in the past. Her effective completion of this article leaves the peruser with fulfillment. With a crowd of people who has more than likely encountered a portion of similar circumstances, or thinking they are insufficient due to their own mishap, an example of overcoming adversity like Alice’s rouses others to defeat their circumstance, as well. Generally speaking, Alice Walker demonstrates that blemishes in our appearance can impact our perspective on ourselves. Our view of magnificence can change and the manner in which we see ourselves can once in a while be modified by occasions that occur throughout everyday life. Alice Walker’s utilization of sentiment all through her exposition is phenomenal. The manner in which she utilizes every last bit of her own encounters to impact the perusers emotions is incredible. Her utilization of logos and ethos, then again, are not close as solid, in the event that they are available by any stretch of the imagination. The plan of her exposition was to move, which she achieved very well with the gadgets she picked.

How does the internet affect the international strategy Use Porter's 5 Essay

How does the web influence the worldwide procedure Use Porter's 5 Forces and tell how web shape and change the busine - Essay Example Most organizations in the cutting edge business condition have executed a few or the other type of Internet apparatus into their business activities. While a few ventures confronted a significant change while rising into an e-business work, others may have delighted in an edge of this innovation before the utilization of the Internet got unavoidable to the current degree. (Kotler, 1997; Rainer, 2009) Internet makes financial incentive for business either by making new enterprises, for example, online sales and computerized commercial centers, or by reconfiguring existing ventures through diminished correspondence costs, simpler exchanges and quicker data spread. In spite of the fact that inventory retailers and cost free numbers have been consistently there, the web gives a progressively effective mode to arrange items and administrations. For example, separation learning has been predominant in the instruction area for a considerable length of time with right around a million unders tudies selecting every year for different correspondence courses. Yet, an adjusted and ad libbed form of separation learning is E-College. It is a full-specialist co-op that works in a joint effort with numerous colleges and distributes their courses over the web and works the conveyance arrange for an expense. The benefit of a business is impacted by the web dependent on two primary components industry structure and upper hand. While the previous decides the productivity of a normal contender, the last confers the ability to beat a normal contender. (Castells, 2003; Chadwick, 2009) In today’s quick pace of mechanical change in business condition, modern investigation turns into even more significant. The auxiliary allure of an industry, regardless of whether old or new, is represented by five powers of rivalry. These powers, on the other hand known as Porter’s Five Forces, are existing contention among contenders, danger of substitutes, hindrances to new participants, dealing intensity of providers and bartering intensity of purchasers. In spite of the fact that the idea of the five powers shifts across ventures, the benefit of an endeavor despite everything depends of these. Because of the variable idea of the five powers, it is hard to make any broad determination about the effect of the web o business condition. In any case, some predominant patterns can be derived through a review of a wide scope of enterprises where the web assumes an indispensable job. The majority of the businesses show a positive pattern attributable to the development of business sectors, improved position contrasted with rivals and new channels to contact clients. (Doorman, 1979; 2008; Karagiannopoulos, 2005) However some negative effects of web on organizations have additionally been in picture. It empowers the purchasers to have a simple access to data about items and administrations, subsequently fortifying their bartering power. It helps in development of new subst itutes because of birth of new ways to deal with addresses costumers’ issues. By diminishing the requirement for a set up deals power or alliance to existing channels, it expels obstructions to passage. It breaks down topographical fringes and extends the geological market, carrying more organizations into rivalry with one another. The expansion in fixed costs, going with the great decrease in factor costs, prompts the advancement of damaging value rivalry among the current business rivals. (Seybold, 1998; Angell, 1994) The intrinsic oddity is that the advantages offered by the web grow the market through decreased operational costs, upgraded

International Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Worldwide Business Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, given the reltively smll financial size of these economies, even smll mount of outside venture cn ccount for lrge percentge of their totl speculation nd in this way generte significnt impct. The spred of multintionl firms ws frequently saw with doubt nd question in such nations, prticulrly in those tht sought after strtegy of import replacement. In this pper I will tke look t both positive nd negtive impacts of multintionl firms on the economies of creating ntions. I will rgue tht such compnies through their ctivity give FDI in the economies tht re still being worked on nd spek session aces nd cons of the globliztion in frmes of multintionl firms. The idea of linkges will be talked about so as to understnd the connection between the multintionl firm nd the impact interntionliztion on the economies of creating ntions. Numerous mrket powers re behind the watched development of multintionl firms: decrease in expenses of communiction hs esed the constrints on globl rtionliztion of creation nd the informtion innovation unrest hs creted mrkets for mny new items nd administrations. Incresed world trde in administrations hs further added to globliztion of multintionl firms since administrations frequently expect providers to hve physicl nearness in mrket. In any case, chnges in the mrket condition don't cpture the entire story. Approach inititives hve plyed centrl job: mny nations hve gone further thn basically expelling brriers to inwrd multintionl firms nd hve tken all the more star ctive pproch towrd ttrcting multintionl firms to enter the mrkets of creating nations using fiscl nd finncil motivations. This new, more fvorble, strategy condition in mny creating nd some time ago socialist nations contrsts shrply with historicl ttitudes towrd multintionl firms in these nations. The ongoing wve of liberliztion of trde nd FDI approaches recommends tht the idealistic perspective on multintionl firms is by all accounts gining the upper hnd. One mnifesttion of this pattern of liberliztion is the prolifertion of bilterl venture treties cross nations: there now exist 1,513 bilterl speculation treties mong nations, compred with less thn 400 t the start of 1990 (UNCTD 1998). Obviously, the filure of import replacement s strtegy for improvement is crucil reson behind this remrkble turnround in strategies in mny creating nations. Inside the more hopeful perspective on impacts of multintionl firms to the economy of creating ntions is tht it pushes forwrd the procedure of industril advancement by creting linkges with the remainder of the economy Fundmentl ideas In clssic work, Hirschmn (1958) built up the ideas of bckwrd nd forwrd linkges nd nlyzed their importnce for financial development. In his own words: The setting up of n industry carries with it the vilbility of new expnding mrket for its data sources whether these information sources re provided initilly from brod. This enhnced mrket applies bckwrd pressure for estblishing enterprises tht flexibly the new entrnts. He clls this procedure bckwrd linkge impacts: Each non-primry ctivity will prompt ttempts to flexibly through residential creation the information sources required in tht ctivity. Similrly, forwrd linkge impacts re creted when one industry utilizes nother industry's yields s its sources of info: Each ctivity tht doesn't by its nture cter only to finl

Restatement problem definition technique

Rehashing issue definition procedure Errand 1 The motivation behind the undertaking is to pick one of the situations and to apply the Present state/Desired state, Duncker Diagram and Statement/Restatement issue definition procedure. The situation 1 is about the issue related with the reusing of post-customer squander. It has been seen that even in the most agreeable and condition cognizant networks, receptacles of recyclable waste contains 10% of wrong recyclable or non-recyclable material. For arranging non-recyclable material present in recyclable canisters, reusing organization needs to go through part of cash. The issue needs examination from the reusing organization CEOs perspective. Outline of extra data accumulated Age of waste is firmly related to populace and urbanization [1]. Improvement of existing waste administration strategy is a prime worry for creating nations. In past, the most modest practice for arranging waste was to put it in landfills. In spite of the way that the landfills were utilized to deal with the waste, the requirement for compensation of the landfills, arrival of harmful gases, restricted openness of the land for the landfills and so forth., despite everything stays an incredible difficulties for metropolitan urban communities. The consistently expanding post-purchaser squander has numerous antagonistic consequences for the strength of individuals, for example, contamination of underground water and soil, awful stench from landfills and arrival of green house gases like CO2 and CH4 [1]. The idea of 3Rs which says lessen, reuse and reuse has become a key thought for squander the board. The best method to oversee squander isn't to make it. Age of waste ought to be limited at family unit level by maintaining a strategic distance from overabundance utilization of non-natural inviting products. Reusing is the additionally extraordinary compared to other alternative for squander the board as it offers a few points of interest like use of waste which would some way or another be dumped in landfills and furthermore decline being used of new assets [2]. Novel strategies for arranging non-recyclable waste from recyclable ought to be gotten use. The creation limit of paper in Malaysia has reached up to 1,300,000 T/year [3] yet it is still low when contrasted with the utilization of paper there. Paper processes in Malaysia are presently depending on machines which can sort various evaluations of paper. In the wake of arranging, top notch paper can be reused. Malaysian paper factories are setting aside parcel of cash, vitality, diminishing the measure of landfills, lessening cremation or more all preserving their normal assets [3]. Closing down of Freshkills Landfills in Staten Island in 2001 has stressed the city of New York to discover different strategies for squander the board. To arrange gigantic measure of waste, New York City is trading portions of its loss to Virginia and its neighboring state. Noteworthy increment in removal tipping expenses lately has constrained New York City to discover different techniques for squander the board. Reusing gives a striking option as it helps in diminishing contamination, giving businesses and protecting vitality. Metropolitan Corporation in New York City is currently depending on materials recuperation office (MRF). MRF gathers squander, isolates wrong or non recyclable waste from recyclable waste, reuse the waste and stores it as crude material for assembling industry. By doing this, City of New York is sparing about $46 million every year from the aggregate sum it spends today for squander removal [4]. Present state/Desired State Technique Conversation: The current state discusses the nearness of wrong or non-recyclable material while wanted state discusses augmenting companys benefit by legitimate division and removal of non-recyclable waste. There is no match between the current state and the ideal state. Further improving of articulations is required. Conversation: These states are coordinated, yet there is no reasonable contrast between the present and the ideal state. Wanted state fairly tackles the issue in present state for example organization needs to go through cash for arranging non-recyclable waste. Genuine issue isn't settled at this point thusly further modifying of arrangement is required. Conversation There is ideal balanced mapping among present and wanted state. The issue tended to in present state is totally settled in wanted state. The ideal state centers around accomplishing zero percent tainting in recyclable containers. In this way, if there is no non-recyclable or wrong recyclable material in recyclable container there is no reason for arranging it and there is no expense for arranging it. These announcements can accordingly be considered as the best articulations for real issue. Duncker Diagram Proclamation Restatement Technique Unique issue proclamation: Bins of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and reusing organization needs to go through cash for its removal. Trigger 1: Emphasizing on various words and expressions Canisters of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and reusing organization needs to go through cash for its removal. Is there some other method to gather squander? Canisters of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and reusing organization needs to go through cash for its removal. How might we diminish level of wrong or non-recyclable material? Canisters of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and reusing organization needs to go through cash for its removal. Would we be able to utilize these wrong or non-recyclable materials? - Some materials like utilized polythene sacks can be reused as rubbish packs in houses for junk jars. Along these lines shopper can decrease the utilization of non-recyclable material. Receptacles of recyclable material contain 10% of wrong or non-recyclable material and reusing organization needs to go through cash for its removal. How might we lessen cost for arranging non-recyclable waste? Trigger 2: Substituting the unequivocal definition Holders of reusable materials are sullied with non-reusable materials that are truth be told, costly to dump. Trigger 3: Making inverse sentence How to make receptacles of recyclable material sullying free, subsequently organization needs to go through no cash for its removal? Trigger 4: Use loosening up imperatives Receptacles of recyclable material are rarely tainted and there is no expense for its removal. This strategy encourages us to think in various manner. It rouses to build up a strategy so that reuse canisters never get any tainting. Trigger 5: Replacing influential words The difficult articulation infers that we clearly need zero tainting of recyclable waste with the goal that organization needs to go through no cash for its removal. In this way, in the event that we could maintain a strategic distance from defilement at source by denoting the containers and arranging non-recyclable and recyclable waste for shoppers. Trigger 6: Expressing words as condition This announcement can be communicated in condition structure: Defilement in recyclable canister is straightforwardly relative to nearness of non-recyclable material. Consequently, By supplanting, proportionality sign (with proportionality steady (k). This trigger encourages us in deduction in elective manner. What variables influence the estimation of k? How might we limit the nearness of non-recyclable material? Legitimate labeling of containers, order of non-recyclable materials and recyclable materials for buyers, lessening utilization of non-recyclable material and so forth can help in diminishing pollution of reuse canisters. References Moldes, Y. Cendon, M. T. Barral, â€Å"Evaluation of city strong waste fertilizer as a plant developing media segment, by applying blend design,† Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 16, November 2007. V. W. Y Tam, C. M. Hat, â€Å"A audit on the feasible innovation for development squander recycling,† Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 209-221, June 2006. M. O. Rahman, M. A. Hannan, E. Scavino, A. Hussain, H. Basri, â€Å"An Efficient Paper Grade Identification Method for Automatic Recyclable Waste Paper Sorting,† European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 96-103, 2009. A. J. Dubanowitz, â€Å"Design of a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) For Processing the Recyclable Materials of New York Citys Municipal Solid Waste,† M.S. proposition, Dept.Earth and Environmental Eng., Columbia Univ., May 2000 [online]. Accessible at http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/dubanmrf.pdf, recovered on 09/29/09.

Children Are More Prone to Depression During Puberty

Children Are More Prone to Depression During Puberty Depression Childhood Depression Print Depression During Puberty By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids   VOISIN  / Getty Images   Puberty can be a difficult time for you and your child. While your child is developing physically, they are also experiencing rapid growth of psychosocial maturity. Put simply, during this time, children begin to naturally pull away from their families and connect with their peers to establish independence and individuality. While social withdrawal, moodiness, and other behavioral changes are commonly attributed to this normal developmental stage, researchers are realizing that in some cases, these changes could indicate that puberty is actually contributing to depression. The Frequency of Depression During Puberty It is estimated that 2% of children under age 10 experience depression, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, between the ages of 10 and 14, the average age range of puberty onset, depression rates increase from 5% to 8% for children overall. Though rates of depression are higher for boys than girls before puberty, the rate for girls becomes double that of boys during puberty. How Prevalent Is Depression? Signs of Depression Puberty is a unique time when changes in appearance and behavior are naturally occurring. As such, parents, teachers, and caregivers need to be especially aware of signs of depression, which may be hard to differentiate from normal behavioral changes. Moodiness, separation from parents, and identification with peers are behaviors common during puberty. Symptoms that may indicate depression, however, include: Thoughts of self-harmAvoidance of schoolAcademic declineRisk-taking behaviorsPersistent vague physical complaintsExcessive guiltUnexplained cryingFeeling misunderstoodLosing interest in things of former interestClinging to a parent or worrying that a parent may dieSleeping difficultiesWeight changesUnexplained fatigueDifficulty concentrating and focusing Take signs of depression seriously. Never be dismissive, particularly if your child is expressing thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Signs That a Child Might Be Depressed Why Does Depression Increase During Puberty? Several theories for the striking increase in depression during puberty exist. However, there is little agreement among researchers and clinicians. Hormones Estrogen, a female sex hormone, has consistently been linked to depression. Estrogen levels dramatically increase in girls during puberty, which may contribute to the increase in depression rates among them. Conversely, testosterone, a male sex hormone that increases in boys during puberty, has not been linked to depression. One study looking at gender and sex differences in depression proposed that a diathesis-stress model could account for why girls are more prone to depression.?? This theory proposes that predisposed hormonal vulnerabilities interact with environmental stresses to contribute to the onset of depression. Stage of Physical Development The research published in The Journal of Affective Diseases reported that physical development during mid-puberty predicted the increase in depression rates more than other any factor that was studied.?? Timing at Puberty Onset The timing of puberty onset may have an impact on depression rates: Children are early or late developers may exhibit more depressive symptoms than those who felt they were developing at the same time as their peers. A 2016 study found that early-onset breast development is associated with a higher risk for symptoms of depression.?? Researchers note, however, that it is unknown if this is connected to the effects of hormones or the impact of social pressures. Stressful Life Events During puberty, academic work and social relationships become more complex and demanding, which can be stressful. Some children are more prone to depression as a result of stressful life events. Does Your Teen Seem Depressed? Heres How to Help Where to Get Help More research is needed to determine the cause of the increase in depression during puberty. Regardless of the causes, depression during childhood can have a profound impact on a childs functioning including school performance and relationships. It is also associated with lasting effects on later relationships, social functioning, parenting, school performance, substance use, and the onset of other mental disorders. Steps you should take: Dont ignore behavioral and mood changes in your child, as there is clear evidence that rates of depression increase during puberty.Listen to your child about how they are feeling and take their concerns seriously; let them know that you are there to offer support and help.Talk to your childs doctor. Always be concerned about any new or unexplained behaviors in your child and bring them to the attention of your childs physician. A physician can rule out other medical problems, and help decide if the behavioral changes are a normal part of puberty or a sign of depression. Your childs doctor will ask questions about the types of symptoms your child is experiencing as well as the duration and severity of these symptoms. Your doctor may recommend treatment options or may refer you to a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or counselor. Early identification and treatment of depression are essential, especially for children. Unfortunately, research suggests that depression among children in teens is common yet underdiagnosed and undertreated.?? Treatment Research suggests that children with mild depression can often be successfully treated with support and symptom monitoring. For moderate to severe cases of depression occurring during puberty, treatment options may include the use of antidepressants and psychotherapy, often in combination. The 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression Two types of psychotherapy that may be effective in treating major depressive disorder in adolescents and children are: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): This approach focuses on identifying and changing the cognitive and behavioral patterns that are associated with cycles of depression.Interpersonal therapy (IPT): This type of therapy focuses on identifying relationship problems and addressing those conflicts. Poor relationships or the termination of important relationships (such as a breakup or a parental divorce) can contribute to symptoms of depression. Caution and careful monitoring are necessary when children and adolescents take antidepressants, as these medications can increase the risk of suicide. Education is important for helping teens and loved ones understand the potential risks and how to spot signs of suicidal thinking. How to Help a Depressed Teenager

Louder, Please

Determined faces all around me scratch out their life plans as though they are writing the Code of Hammurabi. It is as though everyone has their lives set in stone, with the number of kids, the kind of dog, and the style of house they will have one day. I gaze at my paper and the blue parallel lines crisscross and swirl. No ideas even scratch the surface of my brain about what I will be when I grow up. Alive, I want to be alive. There, that’s a start. Satisfied that I have made some progress, I take a break and survey the room. I catch the words â€Å"lawyer† and â€Å"ever since I could walk.† Now, I panic, I have no idea what I want to be. I’m going to be poor. My child will paint himself silver and â€Å"do the robot† to make money on the street corner. It was not always like this. At one time, I had an idea.When I was little, I thought I wanted to work with animals. I told myself I wanted to be a veterinarian, and believed it. It also came in ha ndy when I was the show pony as a child. Adults would always ask the same question and I had an answer. Why do adults casually mock anyone shorter than three feet tall by asking that question? I want to be an organized crime leader, okay? Now, hand over the pacifier. That would have wiped the smiles off their faces, though that option is looking better every day due to my indecision.Now that I have realized that being a vet is not for me, I have to think of other options. I don’t know what I want to be, but I have some ideas on what careers would not work. I couldn’t be a dentist. Staring into kids’ mouths with candy-corn teeth and the eternal screech of the drill like an elementary-school class watching â€Å"The Rocky Horror Picture Show† is not my idea of a good living. No day care, either, I’m all for low-blood sugar for little kids. I hear acupuncture brings in a lot of pretty, pretty money, but I’d hate to see what I would do to my cli ents on a bad day. I could probably land myself a job at a windowless Wal*Mart where the fluorescent lights glare and the linoleum shines. Working under burning lights for a fraction over minimum wage would transform my surroundings into Salvador Dali surrealism. If I were a weatherman, I’d have to bribe a ground hog, and I am not sure how to do that. I can’t list all the other jobs that would collide with my personality, but I am pretty sure about what does not fit.At this time, I don’t think my calling in life is loud enough for me to hear. Maybe as my interests develop, it will grow louder. I am not completely clueless. Whether I’ll be a journalist, a musician or a dolphin trainer, I know it is really important and cannot be decided in ten minutes for an English essay. And I am not worried either, I have time.

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Essay on Draculas Death in Bran Strokers Novel Dracula

Draculas Death in Bram Strokers Novel Dracula In Bram Strokers infamous novel, Dracula, he tries to explain the life of the undead, then continues to explain how to kill these creatures of the night. We find out that you must stab a vampire in the heart with a wooden stake, and then slash off their head. This is the only way that we are led to believe that you may be able to kill these undead. We learn this through Stokers vampire expert Van Helsing, he seems to be the most educated on the subject of the undead and creatures of the night, otherwise known as vampires. He explains to the rest of the posse, which consists of; Harker, Quincy, Dr. Seaward, and the Van Helsing, on how this feat must be done. But later, in one of the†¦show more content†¦They went to her catacomb, when they found her they drove a wooden stake into her heart and soon followed it up with cutting her head off and filling their mouths with garlic. According to Van Helsing, this was the only known way to free Lucys soul into heaven. Dracula w as not stabbed with a wooden stake, nor was he decapitated. These were all the ways that we were led to believe that was the way you were to kill a vampire. Draculas death left many questions unanswered. He turned into a pile of dust, which he could have merely shape shifted into. Minas marks had disappeared, Dracula was the head vampire he is sure to have special powers like; being able to turn into mist, fog, etc., and Mina seemed to return to normal, just another power. As we went through the novel, Lucy needed to be decapitated and stabbed, and three female vampires at Draculas castle needed to be decapitated, to be killed. If all of these vampires, who were far less powerful than Dracula, had to be killed in this way, then why would it only take a simple Bowie knife to kill the lead vampire? This is the true mystery of the novel. I believe he Dracula has all these powers, why would it take much less to kill him? We have seen him turn into fog and what not, so how he could not turn into dust to escape is not unreasonable. He used his shape shifting powers to get out of another life threatening situation, and therefore is still alive when the novel ends. The novel is informative parts on

Ict Developments in Supply Chain Management Within the...

B.I.S. MIS40760 Information and Communication Technologies Project ICT developments in Supply Chain Management within the Fashion Industry Group C7 Laurence Dumenil 10263080 Laurence.dumenil@ucd.ie Ian Foley 10287825 Ian.Foley@ucdconnect.ie Noirin Kirwan 10272127 noirin.kirwan@ucdconnect.ie Paul Murray 03528731 paul.murray1@ucdconnect.ie Cathy Smith 10269886 Cathy.Smith.1@ucdconnect.ie Andres Villar 10279253 Andres.Villar@ucdconnect.ie Table of Contents: 3 Introduction 3 History of the Industry 4 Outline of Supply Chain Management 6 Supply chain management and Zara 6 Introduction 7 Product Development and Marketing 8 Manufacturing and Purchasing 9 Logistics and Distribution 12 Store Operations†¦show more content†¦(See fig. 1) Since the 1960’s and the information revolution, man’s ability to transfer information has continued to grow not only more efficient but also more important. With the growth of e-commerce and electronic data interchange supplying a constantly updated information supply, being able to profit from information has been key to successful business practice. Originally exemplified by Wal-Mart’s ability to send and receive sales and supply information automatically, communication development, facilitated by services like the internet, has gone on to open up a worldwide market for many industries. This ability to transfer information instantaneously has given birth to a new generation of supply chain management systems where producers, suppliers, distributors, and increasingly even customers are all connected. In the high-street retail market, fast fashion is the current key to success where the speed of fashion trends means a more disposable clothing culture is emerging where low cost and a quick product lifecycle are vital to successful sales. With such demands from the end use consumer and with instantaneous information at hand, an increasingly important emphasis is being placed on supply chain management efficiencies. Fig: 1 Supply Chain Management and Zara Introduction undergone one of the most rapidShow MoreRelatedManaging Product Procurement : Supply Chain1566 Words   |  7 Pages8. Risk management The most frequent activity in supply chain is to manage product procurement; supplies means a process from manufacturer to have inventory and to meet the market demand. The purpose to supply is to use the lowest cost but provide fast, accurate and stable delivery date to respond customers orders. In the supply chain, Possible risks include In the supply chain, supplier and manufacturer could meet such as supply risk, strategic risks and operational risk. The main risk comesRead MoreCarbon Emissions And Its Effect On The Environment1733 Words   |  7 Pagesand 2013. (See appendix 5) 8. Risk management The most frequent activity in supply chain is to manage product procurement; supplies means a process from manufacturer to have inventory and to meet the market demand. The purpose to supply is to use the lowest cost but provide fast, accurate and stable delivery date to respond customers orders. In the supply chain, Possible risks include In the supply chain, supplier and manufacturer could meet such as supply risk, strategic risks and operationalRead MoreIct and Ebusiness Retail Industry88499 Words   |  354 PagesICT and e-Business Impact in the Retail Industry Study report No. 04/2008 European Commission, DG Enterprise Industry e-Mail: entr-innov-ict-ebiz@ec.europa.eu, info@ebusiness-watch.org Impact Study No. 04/2008 ICT and e-Business Impact in the Retail Industry A Sectoral e-Business Watch study by empirica GmbH Final Report Version 4.0 September 2008 This report was prepared by empirica on behalf of the European Commission, Enterprise Industry Directorate General, in the contextRead MoreHon Hai / Foxconn Technology Group1594 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide low cost, affordable electronic products. The company’s vision is to make smarter lives possible. it wants to use four major areas of information and communications technologies (ICT) - content creation, information processing, cloud data management, and network transmission, and to catalyze development and changing the way we communicate with each other and making human interaction through technology more natural. Foxconn calls their strategy as â€Å"Connecting the dots†. their technologyRead MoreLogistics, Management and Strategy7872 Words   |  32 PagesOF LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY Xi-Er Dang Abstract This paper provides a basic but fundamental understanding of logistic primarily based on the book of â€Å"Logistics Management and Strategy† by Harrison and van Hoek. It will guide you through from the basic definition and concepts to the different supply chain strategies that exist, as well as providing a perception on the future logistic development. Explanation of principal terms like logistic, supply chain management and supply network isRead MoreHM STRATEGY3665 Words   |  15 PagesQuestion 1 Hennes and Mauritz (HM) is a fast-fashion global leader in the fashion industry. Hence, to have a holistic sustainable development point of view, we will examine and address the Marco-environment by looking at PESTEL analysis framework. The competitive forces within the fashion industry will also be revealed throughout the Porter Five Forces Model. PESTEL ANALYSIS Case Evidence Positive (Opportunities) Neutral Negative (Threats) POLITICAL factors: Critical observation faced fromRead MoreLearning from the Fashion Industry: a Structured Literature Review39302 Words   |  158 PagesCRANFIELD UNIVERSITY ELEFTHERIA DIMITRAKOU LEARNING FROM THE FASHION INDUSTRY: A STRUCTURED LITERATURE REVIEW CRANFIELD CENTRE FOR LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT MSc THESIS CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY CRANFIELD SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT CRANFIELD CENTRE FOR LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT MSc THESIS Academic Year 2006-2007 ELEFTHERIA DIMITRAKOU Learning from the Fashion Industry: A Structured Literature Review Supervisor: Dr. Chris Morgan August 2007 This thesis isRead MoreHM vs Zara7682 Words   |  31 PagesINTRODUCTION I. Japan PEST analysis 3 A. Political Landscape 3 B. Economic Landscape 3 C. Socio-cultural Landscape 4 D. Technological Landscape 5 II. Fashion Industry: Five Forces of Porter 6 A. Threat of new entry 6 B. Bargaining power of suppliers 8 C. Bargaining power of buyers 8 D. Threat of substitute products/services 9 E. Intensity of rivalry among competitor 10 III. Company analysis 11 A. Hamp;M 11 1. Hamp;M Vision, Values, Goal and StrategyRead MoreVirtual Supply Chain3175 Words   |  13 PagesVIRTUAL SUPPLY CHAIN Amazon.com EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will show the meaning of e-commerce and e-business and how they intertwined with each other as exchange is done. It will also identify the different types of e-commerce especially business- to- business and business-to-consumers. It will also aim to identify the policy used by Amazon.com in managing theirRead MoreTransportation and Logistics Management2535 Words   |  10 PagesTRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT 3 Transportation and Logistics management Transportation and Logistics management Introduction The global marketplace, which has matured and grown in dramatic fashion over the course of the past two decades, has unveiled many new problems that accompany such a rapid growth spurt. The global market now reflects a multitude of differing ideas, opinions and approaches to how a successful economy should operate. As a result, a lack of standardization and unification

Analysis Of Jon Krakauers Into The Wild - 778 Words

Occasionally in a persons life, he or she wonders about a certain purpose in life. In extreme cases, when a person attempts to find ones self, he or she may find his or herself in a dangerous or even deadly position. In Jon Krakauers Into the Wild, Chris McCandless goes out into the wilderness of Alaska to find himself, but he never returns. Jon Krakauer organizes his novel in a circular way, which ties the story together well, and he uses long, periodic sentences to detail and emphasize his points about life and death situations in order to create an aspect of imagery and description throughout the novel. First and foremost, Krakauer implies that life is a gift that is, more often than not, thrown away for an unreasonable purpose.†¦show more content†¦Krakauer uses long descriptions of Chris such as that he â€Å"was wearing a blue sweatshirt printed with the logo of a Santa Barbara towing company†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Krakauer 99). This random detailed image of Chris is not alone. Throughout the entire novel, Krakauer gives very detailed descriptions of Chris in order to help readers visualize who Chris is as a person. The long and periodic sentences such as when Krakauer explains how during his adventures, â€Å"Near the end of his trip, it turned out, Chris had gotten lost in the Mojave Desert and had nearly succumbed to dehydration† (Krakauer 118). In this long and periodic sentence, Krakauer describes another part of Chris’s journey in great detail. The long periodic sentences help to show the complexity of Chris’s death, and they help to explain that there is a long and complex journey to his death. Equally important are the details and imagery that give readers a special connection to Chris and the setting of the story. Krakauer uses great description and imagery from the very start of the novel. Especially when describing Alaska and the Stampede Trail, Chris’s place of death, Krakauer uses great detail as he describes the â€Å"icy stream whose waters are opaque with glacial till† (Krakauer 11). After this beautiful description of the trail, Krakauer cuts to the sight of the late Chris McCandless and describes how â€Å"Virtually no fat remained on the body, and the muscles had withered significantly†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jon Krakauers Into The Wild980 Words   |  4 Pagesfor their issues to vanish. Some people can deal with their dilemmas easily, but others go to the extreme to cope with their obstacles. One person that goes to the extreme to cope with his problems is Christopher McCandless. Throughout Jon Krakauers Into the Wild, Christopher McCandless was eager to isolate himself from his problems in society, but never meant to die because of it. Chris McCandless did not live the average life. He ran away from his family on several occasions, and his actionsRead MoreAnalysis of Jon Krakauer’s Into The Wild Essay example1594 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the novel, Christopher McCandless’s character changed over time. Up to McCandless’s death, he wanted to live with the wild and to be away from civilization as far as possible. He changes his mind when he writes â€Å"HAPPINESS ONLY REAL WHEN SHARED† (189). His purpose of living in the wild is to live with freedom and do whatever he wishes to do. However, he realizes he was a â€Å"refuge in nature† (189) and intended to abandon his solitary life and rejoin the human community. It is assumed thatRead MoreInto the Wild: by Jon Krakauer1186 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective was formed from his own experience and relationship with his father. While the situations were basically reversed with Chris not approving of his father and Lewis Krakaue r disappointed in Jon for not following is â€Å"blueprint† there are similar parallels. Both McCandless and Krakauer‘s fathers where high achievers in life and McCandless and Krakauer both shared a similar perspective in their youth. I can envision Krakauer writing this book as a form of therapy for him. Enabling himRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Into the Wild1669 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Analysis of Into The Wild Imagine spending thirty days alone in a tent or a cabin in the wilderness with no technology, electricity, running water, and any form of communication. Every day you wake up to the sight of the beautiful, tall trees and the various wildlife living in the area. Most of the time, you can hear the many sounds of nature: the majestic songs of birds, the whistling in the wind, and trees rustling. But sometimes all you can hear is nothing but silence. Most of usRead MoreSummary Of The Book Into The Wild 1766 Words   |  8 PagesBrief Summary and â€Å"Arrangement† of the Book: †¢ Into the Wild is the story of Chris McCandless’ journey across America and eventually his death in Fairbanks, Alaska. Krakauer weaves the story of McCandless with accounts of other survivalists that are similar to McCandless along with his own experiences. †¢ There are 18 chapters along with and epilogue. Each chapter is characterized by a certain place that Chris or another person visited and are not in chronological order. †¢ Chapter 1: Chris meetsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild2135 Words   |  9 Pages In Into the Wild, Christopher McCandless (man) tried to exist as one with nature but finds through his journeys that nature is a force that will test men relentlessly, especially men who are unprepared. Nature is one of the world’s greatest marvels. McCandless understood that and chose nature over civilization. He believed civilization was a plague and there was only one way to cure that plague. That was to become one with nature . The background information of this essay will explore the needRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesChbosky. Word Riot. Word Riot. Retrieved 27 May 2012. 41.Jump up ^ Tara Ann Carter (October 6, 2013). Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre (PDF). John Bartram High School. 42.Jump up ^ Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 43.Jump up ^ Khaled Hosseini (March 4, 1965). Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA) s review of The Kite Runner. Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 44.Jump up ^ http://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8//Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Justification for Torture Free Essays

Torture is a scenario that dates back to the old government ages. Is government torture ever justified? This answer is can be answered by this quote,†Torturing the terrorist is unconstitutional? Probably. But millions of lives surely outweigh constitutionality â€Å"(Levin 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Justification for Torture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Who would not save the lives of fellow citizens If the only option to solve the issue was torturing an individual for his crimes? Many people would see the situation as a sacrifice for the better of the people. The lives of Americans should be the most important priority of a nation. Torture is justified as long it is for the safety of the people and not for the mere cause of violence. Torture is the considered to be a harmful mentally and physically to anyone. It is a very well known method in the time of war. There have been many cases where it used on children and women. The course of torture can range from physical abuse to sexual abuse. Those are without a doubt an international crime. Using torture on innocent human being is completely out of the question. The use of torture in terms of water boarding on terrorist can be another matter. Torture without a doubt is a cruel treatment for an individual but it must be a nation policy (Falbaum 15). Saving innocent lives should be a governments priority in a â€Å"ticking time bomb † scenario. The scenario states, lets say an officer, got control of a terrorist planning an attack on hundreds of people. It is highly likely this terrorist will be interrogated by other officials to obtain information about the attack. Torture should be an option if the individual refuses to give the data to save hundreds of lives. Falbaum also mentions that 9/11 attack could been prevented if the United States had torture as part of their system. If the US policy was more strict at those times the terrorist would have feared their policy or would have captured their leader and gained details about the whereabouts of the attack. A poll shows that majority of registered citizens prefer harsh techniques that can keep America safe (Bauer 27). The society should support inhumane behaviors like torture if it is seen as last hope for innocent lives. Successful interrogations can keep America safe for the future. The world revolves around information and if your country is lacking information, terrorists can take advantage of the situation. Using torture on terrorists to gain information will benefit in prevention of future attacks on the country. Marc A. Thiessen goes into detail how many terrorists that have been interrogated provided them with reliable information that ended up saving thousands of American lives. â€Å"Thiessen believes that terrorist suspects will talk if pressured in the right way† (Thiessen 36). Some people may argue that torture does not provide the right detail because the victim will say anything to stop the deadly act. A statement said by the terrorist Abu Zubayah explains that captive terrorist tends to resist as long as they can, if they fail to do this they are given permission by their religious belief to tell what they have known. â€Å"The job of the interrogator is to safely help the terrorist do his duty to Allah, so he then feels liberated to speak freely â€Å"(Thiessen 40). It leads to show if the US practice and enhance their torture techniques it will lead to a safer nation. What techniques can be considered torture? Water-boarding is the act where the victim is drained water on his head to stimulate the pain of drowning. Water-boarding to Joseph Farah is not considered torture. He states that the technique is relatively safe with the right management. Not only that he argues that United State also practice this technique on their own soldiers as training (Farah 82). According to him while water-boarding is very abhorrent it is not as bad as cutting of a hand or anything gore. The truth is Water-boarding is very effective and most of the time the result are given in less than a minute. The success stories range from learning about al-Qaida’s top plans. It is said that the terrorist agents resisted normal interrogations for hours and hours but gave into water-boarding sooner than the word can be said. This scenario can happen anywhere in the nation. Lets say an al-Qaida member was captured by the CIA and found whereabouts of bombs being placed around a city. They hire the top of the line negotiators to spoil the information. The real question still remains. Will they be able to make the terrorist member talk before it’s too late? Then again we could resort to the use of water-boarding and save their lives before it is too late. It is not like we have torn their limbs off to order to get the information. â€Å"But a few seconds of dripping water on a prisoner’s face? That’s not torture to me â€Å"(Feah 85). Some believe that torture disregard true American standards. Patrick J. Buchanan gives a great insight about this issue. He states that torture is viable as long as it fit to save the American people. It is just like how murder is seen unethical yet you see soldiers and cops given the permission to kill as long as it fits the right scenario (Buchanan 55). Would a war hero that killed twenty men in order to rescue 2,000 citizens receive a death sentence? Just because he murdered 20 men, no. He would be honored as a hero he so deserved to be. There are doctors that inflicts pain to many soldiers in the war field by cutting of parts of their body. This saves their life by preventing death by decay. These are one of the exceptions that torture should be given into. Take for example someone’s son or daughter was captivated by a terrorist group. One of their remember was found, he would not spoil or hint any information by simple conversations. What will a parent would want from the government to do? It does not matter if they oppose torture or not, a parent would choose water-boarding compared to the death of their child. Torture is not to be taken lightly but should be considered an option if the situation arise. Torture should the last option if it ever to be used. It a very sensitive topic for many people. There are groups that strongly rejects torture in any situation and there are people that support torture if it leads to saving lives. Ultimately saving lives should be the priority of any government. If it result in agreeing to an â€Å"harsh techniques † like water-boarding to stop future 9/11 attacks, the majority will agree. It is very hard to come to a conclusion about this specific topic because both sides can provide very good viewpoints. It will be one of those controversial topic that will go on for decades. How to cite Justification for Torture, Essay examples

Pakistan State Oil Report free essay sample

We are committed to leadership in energy market through competitive advantage in providing the highest quality petroleum products and services to our customers, based | * Professionally trained, high quality, motivated workforce, working as a team in an environment, which recognizes and rewards performance, innovation and creativity, and provides for personal growth and development |   | | | * Lowest cost operations and assured access to long-term and cost effective supply sources|   | | | * Sustained growth in earnings in real terms| | | * Highly ethical, safe environment friendly and socially responsible business practice| Values Excellence We believe that excellence in our core activities emerges from a passion for satisfying our customers needs in terms of total quality management. Our foremost goal is to retain our corporate leadership. Cohesiveness We endeavor to achieve higher collective and individual goals through team. This is inculcated in the organization through effe ctive communication. Respect We are an Equal Opportunity Employer attracting and recruiting the finest people from around the country. We value contribution of individuals and teams. Individual contributions are recognized through our reward and recognition program. |   | Integrity We uphold our values and Business Ethics principles in every action and decision. Professional and personal honesty, dedication and commitment are the landmarks of our success. Open and transparent business practices are based on ethical values and respect for employees, communities and the environment. |   | Innovation We are committed to continuous improvement, both in New Product and Processes as well as those existing already. We encourage Creative Ideas from all stakeholders. | Corporate Responsibility We promote Health, Safety and Environment culture both internally and externally. We emphasize on Community Development and aspire to make society a better place to live in. History The creation of Pakistan State Oil (PSO) can be traced back to the year 1974, when on January 1st; the government took over and merged Pakistan National Oil (PNO) and Dawood Petroleum Limited (DPL) as Premiere Oil Company Limited (POCL). Soon after that, on 3rd June 1974, Petroleum Storage Development Corporation (PSDC) came into existence. PSDC was then renamed as State Oil Company Limited (SOCL) on August 23rd 1976. Following that, the ESSO undertakings were purchased on 15th September 1976 and control was vested in SOCL. The end of that year (30th December 1976) saw the merger of the Premier Oil Company Limited and State Oil Company Limited, giving way to Pakistan state Oil (PSO). After PSO’s inception, the corporate culture underwent a comprehensive renewal program which was fully implemented in 2004. This program over the years included the revamping of the organizational architecture, rationalization of staff, employee empowerment and transparency in decision making through cross functional teams. This new corporate renewal program has divided the company’s major operations into independent activities supported by legal, financial, informative and other services. In order to reinforce and monitor this structural change, related check and balances have been established by incorporating monitoring and control systems. Human Resource Development became one of the main priorities on the company’s agenda under this corporate reform. It is due to this effective implementation of corporate reform and consistent application of the best industrial practices and business development strategies, that PSO has been able to maintain its market leadership in a highly competitive business environment. PAKISTAN STATE OIL COMPANY Our Products Motor Gasoline Kerosene High Speed Diesel Light Diesel Oil Furnace Oil Lubricants Associated Companies Following are the details of PSOs associated Companies: NAME| SHARE HOLDING %| 1. ASIA PETROLEUM LIMITED| 49%| 2. PAK GREASE COMPANY LIMITED| 22%| Asia Petroleum Limited (APL) APL was incorporated in Pakistan as an unlisted public limited company on July 17, 1994. The Company has been principally established to transport â€Å"Residual Fuel Oil† (RFO) to the Hub Power Company Limited (HUBCO) at Hub, Balochistan. For this purpose, the Company laid an underground oil pipeline starting from Pakistan State Oil Company Limited’s (PSO) Zulfiqarabad terminal at Pipri to HUBCO at Hub. Pak Grease Manufacturing Company (Private) Limited (PGMCL) PGMCL was incorporated in Pakistan on March 10, 1965 as a private company. The principal activity of the Company is to manufacture and sell petroleum grease products. | | Code of conduct * Giving illegal/unreasonable direction to others| * Unjustified/Unauthorized absenteeism| * Using influence or external pressure for promotion, transfer or induction| * Unsatisfactory/negligent performance| * Conduct that violates decency and morality| * Smoking at non-designated areas | Theft of any of the properties/assets of Company| * Breaking of safety regulations| * Habitual resting/sleeping in office timings| * Breach of privacy and/or trust| * Bullying/intimidation/uncalled for behavior/mental and gender harassment| * Misusing confidential information/record| * Discrimination on basis of caste, creed, religion amp; gender | * Falsification of records| * Undue patronage/Nepotism (Favoritism)| * Offering/Accepting Bribes and Gifts| * U sing office timings and/or resources for personal use| * Intentional damage to Company property| Mishandling/misusing Company resources and property| * Reporting on duty drugged or intoxicated| * Hooliganism in inside/outside Criminal/Offensive activity| * Activities bringing disrepute to company| * Inappropriate public comment and/or rumour mongering| * Use or possession of arms and explosivesMarketing amp; Distribution| PSO possesses the largest distribution network in the country comprising of 3,689 outlets out of which 3,500 outlets serve the Retail sector and 189 outlets serve our bulk customers. Out of the total of 3,689 outlets, 1,691 Retail and 167 Consumer Business outlets have been upgraded with the most up-to-date facilities as per the visualization of the New Vision Retail Programme. PSO also operates 31 company-owned and company-operated (Co-Co) sites serving the retail sector. Co-Co sites are flagship stations which combine high levels of supervision and top quality products to maintain the highest level of efficiency, service and customer care. These sites act as benchmark for all other retail outlets. In addition to retail customers more than 2,000 industrial units, business houses, power plants and airlines are being fueled by PSO. Acquisition of Products|   The automotive sector is the main consumer of Motor Gasoline (Mogas) and High Speed Diesel (HSD) whereas Furnace Oil (FO) is marked for power plant usage. To meet the supply deficit of the country, PSO imports Mogas, HSD, JP 1 and FO as and when required. The total import of black and white oil in Pakistan last year was 12. 4 million metric tons and PSO had the lion’s share of this import with 11. million metric tons which came to over 90% of the total fuel imports of the country. Other than product imports, PSO acquired 1. 75 million metric tons from various refineries based in Pakistan in order to cater to our market needs. Storagepso possesses the largest storage capacity in the country. The company’s infrastructure stretches from Karachi to Gilgit. With 9 installations and 23 depots located across the coun try PSO’s storage capacity of approximately a million metric tons represents 74% of the total storage capacity owned by all the oil marketing companies. |   |   Product Movement| 😠 PSO uses three mechanisms for the movement of POL products namely, tank lorries (road), tank wagons (railways) and pipelines. We currently have a total fleet of 8,595 tank lorries out of which 2202 tank lorries are New Vision tank lorries which are complying with the latest ADR standards and are equipped with pilferage proof tracker systems. With the commencement of operations of the White Oil Pipeline Project (WOPP) from Karachi to Mehmood Kot via Shikarpur and the MFM (Mehmood Kot/Faisalabad/Machikey) pipeline, the supply pattern for white oil from Karachi has switched from tank lorries to pipelines. PSO is present as a partner in this project and holds a 12% equity share in this venture. | Lubes Manufacturing amp; Sales| PSO is steadily progressing in the field of lubricants. With state-of-the-art Lubricants Manufacturing Terminal (LMT) located in Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi we are catering to a number of sectors including automotive, Hi-street and industrial consumers through the provision of sectors including automotive, Hi-street and industrial consumers through the provision of products. PSO Quality Assurance Department comprises of the following PSO Quality Assurance PSO’s quality assurance system is there to give all its stakeholders the confidence in the quality of fuel through strict specifications and procedures. It’s a procedure under which we ensure that all products and services being offered are of quality Quality Management System The goal of Quality Management System (QMS) Support is to ensure that all the activities of departments come under the scope of QMS for their effective monitoring and continuous improvement and focusing the needs and requirements of our internal and external customers for successful business operations. In view of above PSO QA department provides technical and consultative support to various PSO departments in the company for the implementation and Monitoring of World class Quality Management System Standard ISO 9001:2008 QMS through development of documents, conducting Internal Quality Audits and arrange Training sessions for Employee awareness and development on QMS implementation sequentially to enhance the quality of work, functional practices and Customer Satisfaction Support on Quality Management System * | * Technical Support to departments for QMS. | * | * Gap Analysis for QMS| * | * QMS Internal Quality Audit| | * Training on ISO 9001 Standard amp; Internal Auditing| * | * Implementation for Certification| PSO and Ethical Practices; | Health Safety amp; Environment| Environment, Health and Safety management are at high priority for responsible companies and PSO is no exception. The company is committed to maintaining a safe, healthy and sustainable environment wherever we o perate – for our people, our customers, our partners and contractors and the community at large. † Beyond leadership in the provision of energy to the nation, PSO’s broader goals envision: * A cleaner, greener, healthier Pakistan Enabling a safer environment for the PSO family and those whom we serve. * Making a difference today for a secure tomorrow HSE Mission Statement Pakistan State Oil Co. Ltd. is committed to manage health, safety and environmental (HSE) matters as an integral part of the business which includes employees, customers, business partners, contractors and the community at large. To assure the HSE integrity of our processes and facilities we will continue to strive for improvement by implementing the HSE Management System and further, by adhering to the following principles: Compliance We ensure that our stakeholders will comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and standards and implement programs and procedures. In order to progress from Good to Great, everyone working for the company is responsible to implement the HSE program, policy and procedures. Prevention We will further improve on our management systems with the intent to prevent activities and/or conditions that endanger the human health and safety and strive to minimize the impact of our business operations on the environment. Communication We will communicate our commitment to our employees, contractors and customers and seek their full cooperation in meeting our HSE goal through various events and programs. Continuous Improvement We will seek opportunities to continuously improve the effectiveness of our HSE Management System by not only planning, performing, measuring and improving it but also by identifying, assessing, managing hazards, impacts and risks from our activities and services. Moreover, we will identify areas for improvement through comprehensive HSE audits and effective analysis of near misses/incident reporting system 1. Prevention of Occupational Sickness Whenever a business like PSO involves certain issues of risky work conditions or the industry has some health issues, then it is legally required that protection or safety be offered by the organization to the employees who are working for them. The organization and the industry are bound to protect the employees working for them. The government requires these organizations to address these work conditions carefully. If for example an employee is injured when he was at work, or if the health of an employee is adversely affected by the working conditions; then the organization is bound to provide appropriate compensations as well as protection and safety elements to the employees at work. At PSO such issues are also dealt with diligently. For example for the managerial employees working at PSO’s headquarters, temperature of 21? C is maintained at all times throughout the year. The organization controls the temperature all the year round, irrespective of the prevailing weather. This helps the employees to feel more comfortable and increases their motivation, performance and drive to work better and achieve their goals. 2. Prevention of Accidents. No matter what the business environment is like, each and every business entity has to prepare and be proactive regarding any accidents that may or may not happen at work. They need to prepare and equip their employees working for them for the worst. They need to educate their employees regarding the hazardous working environment and conditions; so that they are mentally and physically fit to face the adverse situations at work. An example of this could be the fire extinguishers, buckets, water hoses and other fire extinguishing equipment provided to all the petrol pumps by PSO. All the employees of such facilities are given training to brush up their fire fightingskills. For example: A fire drill was arranged by the HSE Department at PSO House at 11:45 a. m. on Monday, December 11, 2006. Following the fire alarms, which were sounded on all floors, an announcement was made on the public address system to evacuate the PSO House. An orderly drill was executed and all PSO employees, including the top management, as a result 700 employees were evacuated within 4 minutes and were assembled outside the PSO House premises. The local fire brigade and ambulance promptly responded. Fire drills are part of health, safety and environment (HSE) measures that have been adopted by Pakistan State Oil and are conducted at periodically to keep the employees aware of the state of safety. . Prevention of Environmental Pollution: If the pollution produced by the business damages the external environment, then the government has the right to restrict its functioning or impose restrictions on the business. If the work pollution is spreading within the organizational facility, and it damages the health of the employees or an employee gets hurt due to it. Then, the employer will have to pay o r compensate the families of the employees, if the employees are injured or damaged during work hours. An excellent example of the prevention of environmental pollution would be that of Oil water separation PSO has become the first oil marketing company to embark upon a project to meet the National Environment Quality Standards (NEQS) and reduce the pollutant loads on the effluent discharged from PSO retail outlets. Servicing of motor vehicles generates contaminated effluent, which ultimately gets discharged in the sewerage system. This effluent is found non-compliant with NEQS, which stipulates criteria of the limits for liquid effluent parameter. The installation of oil water separation system would make the retail outlets environmentally compliant and will be helpful in reducing pollution. HSE Vision Environment, Health and Safety management are at high priority for responsible companies and PSO is no exception. The company is committed to maintaining a safe, healthy and sustainable environment wherever we operate – for our people, our customers, our partners and contractors and the community at large. â€Å"Safety is our priority and it is our belief that all accidents are preventable. Our first aim is excellence in HSE performance in all PSO businesses. † Beyond leadership in the provision of energy to the nation, PSO’s broader goals envision: * A cleaner, greener, healthier Pakistan * Enabling a safer environment for the PSO family and those whom we serve. * Making a difference today for a secure tomorrow. Characterization of HSE: HSE  is intangible in nature. It is an intangible asset of an organization like image and good will are. HSE lead to better image and goodwill of the organization. It creates a positive image of the organization and business. A company may have the maximum knowledge and hard work, yet it may lag behind just because it does not have the right attitude. This attitude comes from realizing what is important ethically, environmentally and morally. HSE is a part of this realization. A company’s behavior, attitude, safe occupational practices and procedures, and environment matters significantly. For example, if you are a good driver and you follow the traffic rules, then that is your positive behavior. You will not get into trouble because you will never break rules and chances are you will never get hurt due to any rash driving antics. Healthy and positive behavior and attitude always leads to a positive outcome. Changing HSE trends in the Industrial sector: * Quality Certification gaining importance, such as ISO 9000 amp; 14001 etc. * Legislative environmental pressures are increasing. * Financial losses resulting from accidents increased. HSE Policy of PSO: The HSE policy is as follows: The health of its employees, its contractors, its customers and the public is protected. All its activities are carried out safely. Environmental performance meets legislative requirements. To implement HSE Policy, Pakistan State Oil Company Limited will * Comply with relevant laws and regulations. *   Ensure that required Health, Safety and Environment Standards and Procedures are developed and established. Ensure that all its activities are carried out in accordance with Companys Health, Safety and Environment Standards and Procedures. Set demanding targets and measure progress to ensure continuous improvement in Health, Safety and Environment performance. Require every employee to exercise personal responsibility in preventing harm to themselves, to others and to the environment. Provide appropriate Health, Safety and Environment training / information to all employees, contractors and others who work with the company Ensure provision of safe working environment. Promote awareness and give due recognition to performance in the area of Health, Safety and Environment. HSE INITIATIVES * Being a responsible corporate citizen, PSO realizes that success of business financial performance and sustainability depends on the environment in which it operates. Accordingly we strive to strike an efficient balance between financial, social and ecological performance. Being a responsible corporate citizen, PSO realizes that success of business financial performance and sustainability depends on the environment in which it operates. Accordingly we strive to strike an efficient balance between financial, social and ecological performance. Health, safety and environment form our corporate objectives. * Today all our 3,700 retail outlets across the country dispense environmental efficient fuels at no additional cost to our customers. These fuels play a vital role in reduction of exhaust emissions that result in less pollution and greener environment. There are fifteen (15) Mobile Quality Testing Units in operation which ensure consistent quality of products being supplied to our consumers. Recently, PSO adopted water tool developed by World Business Council for Social Development (WBCSD) to optimize the use of water resources by PSO. | HSE Management System at PSO:The HSE and quality department work together and create policies that they maintain and control from time to time through regular audits. These two departments form HSE policies and practices and then dispatch them to each and every department to review and understand. Each department is then required to understand, implement and control these policies and practices in their respective departments. Internal audits are conducted by the HSE department to ensure that all the HSE policies are being adequately followed by all departments at PSO. | HSE Policies PSO is committed to maintaining a safe, healthy and sustainable environment wherever we operate – for our people, our customers, our partners and contractors and the community at large. † The company aims to protect people’s health, ensure zero injuries and avoid r minimize any environmental impact that can happen due to its products and processes. We are committed to achieving these goals through HSE Management System that are well in placed and being followed in true spirit and the compliances are done in relation with the relevant laws and regulations. Thus we strongly strive for continuous improvement. The commitment to HSE always comes from Top Management and thus Our Mana ging Director amp; CEO is responsible for enacting this policy and giving HSE equal priority with all other business issues Our commitments are to Seek zero harm to our people and minimal impact on the environment through our business operations and relevant activities * Conduct HSE Audit and reviews the safety implications of our activities in PSO facilities. | | * Minimize the consumption of energy and to dwell Alternative Energy Resources in the best interest of Nation. | | * Ensure the occupational health and Safety of our Employees and other allies during our Operational activities. | | * To achieve these commitments we have developed, implemented and maintained effective management systems and processes that enable us to:| * | | | * Identify, assess and manage hazards, impacts and risks from our activities and services. | * | | * | * Meet and, where appropriate, exceed applicable legal and other requirements| * | | * | * Set, achieve and report against objectives and targets t o demonstrate continual performance improvement| * | | * | * Identify areas for improvement through comprehensive HSE Audits and near miss / incident reporting system and then mitigation provided through investigation. HSE Steering Committee| Objective:| Provide clear directions for the improvement and sustainability of HSE Management System to promote HSE culture. Also monitoring HSE policy compliance and dealing with non-compliance issues. Review HSE performance of all company business entities and resource allocation where required. | Function: | To oversee HSE related matters arising out of the activities and operations of PSO and the impact of those activities and operations on employees, contractors and the communities in the area of operation. |   | | Composition:| The committee comprises of Managing Director, Deputy Managing Directors, General Manager (HSE amp; QA) and DGM (HSE). This ensures top management’s commitment towards HSamp;E. |   | | Methodology: | The Committee meets at least once in a quarter. Senior General Managers, General Managers and Deputy General Managers will be opted in committee for their relevant HSE matters on as and when need basis. It may also require any employee of the company to attend the meeting for the purpose of making presentations or participating in discussion on need basisProduct Stewardship| At PSO we recognize that as product manufacturers and marketers we must take on responsibilities to reduce the environmental footprint of our products. Environmental product stewardship at PSO fostered product and market innovation, and provided customers with more value at less environmental impact. These initiatives included the launch of Green-XL diesel which reduces black smoke dramatically due to special green additive, enables quick start ups and minimizes exhaust emissions that results in less pollution amp; greener environment. The reduction in black smoke translates into improved power amp; efficiency for the consumer. Apart from the environment friendly fuels, PSO also became the first and only OMC to introduce ethanol blended fuels at its COCO outlets in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. . Energy Conservation Measures * Environment Safety Measure| * Consumer Safety Measures| * Workplace Safety| * Employee Well Being| * Other Intiatives * Energy Conservative Measures| 1. Green Stations PSO has initiated â€Å"Green Stations† throughout the country. The purpose is to develop environmental friendly retail outlets. At green stations, the IN and OUT signs which were previously on KESC have now been replaced with reflective ones. Also the tube lights of blue bars are now being replaced with the light emitting diodes (LEDs). These initiatives resulted in 75% reduction in power consumption. |   | 2. Solar Energy System PSO believes in promoting projects based on renewable energy. In this regard PSO initiated a project of installing solar energy system at its retail outlet which is also declared as Green Station by PSO. The purpose of this project is to utilize natural resources to generate electrical energy without damaging the environment. The system generates 50 KWH energy every day, which caters to almost 37 % of the total lighting load of the outlet for 11 hours per day. The installation of solar system has resulted in saving 18 MWH of electrical energy in a year. |   | | 3. Windmill Windmill is another initiative of PSO for promoting renewable energy projects. The windmill is installed at Buffer Oil Terminal (BOT) that utilizes wind and generates electrical energy. This system caters office lighting load, which is 87 % of the total office lighting load, for 8 hours. After installation of windmill, PSO saves electrical energy of 7. 92 MWH in a year. | | Environment Safety Measures:| | Gas Leakage Detection System at CNG Stations As per Oil Gas Regulation Authority’s (OGRA) requirement, approximately all PSO (company and dealer operated) CNG stations have a gas leakage detection system installed. This ensures prevention of any fire or other related hazards on the respective stations. |   | Installation of Oil Water Separator at Retail Outlet PSO installed state of the art oil water separator at its company operated retail outlet. The purpose of this installation is to reduce the liquid affluent discharge from the car servicing area to the public drainage system. Prior to the installation of oil water separator, it was found from the test result that the sample of discharge contained 3530 mg/l of oil and grease which has been reduced to 10 mg/l which is 99 % reduction. PSO has further plan to install automatic car servicing facility along with the oil water separator to limit the effluent discharge from the cars to the drainage system which is another step of preventing environment. | | Consumer Safety Measure:| Brake Fluid Testing Failure of brake fluid can cause the failure of brake system, which could be a cause of accident resulting in threat to human lives and at the same time to the environment. Having consumer safety at the core of PSO’s operations, the company provides facility to its customers for brake fluid testing. This test is conducted free of cost at our retail outlets through our network of Mobile Quality Testing Units. Through the test results customers are informed about the status of the brake fluid and guided accordingly. | | Work place Safety Measure:| | Intelligent Fire Detection System PSO, being the company that gets to the future first remain abreast with the latest inventions not only in providing systems that ensure customer health but also in the systems that ensures the safety of PSO’s Assets and its Human Resource. Keeping this vision in consideration, PSO has opted for state of the start Intelligent Fire Detection System for the head office and for other PSO facilities. The purpose is to detect the fire at its early stage and the purpose is not confined with detection but it also identifies the exact location where fire has actually broken out. | Employee Wellbeing Measure:| Water Filter As mentioned earlier, PSO gives due importance to its employees at every level. A step towards the employees’ wellbeing is the installation of water filter plant at PSO facilities i. e. terminals, depots, aviation stations, LPG plants, blending plants and retail outlets. There are three main sources of drinking water supply at PSO facilities;|   | 1. Ground Water 2. Local Water Supply System 3. Tankers| | The drinking water sample is collected for testing at laboratory. Ground water is tested once a year for microbial amp; chemical constituents while piped amp; non-piped system of supply is checked bi-annually for microbial constituents and once in year for chemical constituents. | Other Intiatives:| | 1. HSE Champion A behavioral remodeling program by the name of HSE Champion had been developed and launched. 27 employees of PSO House has been hand picked by HSE Team and Managing Director distributed badges among them in the Ceremony. A behavioral remodeling program titled HSE Champion was launched on March 25, 2010 aiming to inculcate PSO’s commitment to health, safety and environment. As a first step, this program is being executed at PSO House and then will be replicated at other locations accordingly. 27 Employees stationed at PSO House have been hand picked by HSE Team as HSE Champions from management and non-management staff. The chief guest of the launching ceremony was Managing Director, Mr. Irfan K. Qureshi who presented HSE Champion Badges to the Champions. The Managing Director encouraged the Champions and all others to cooperate and add value to the project. DGM (HSE) and Manager (HSE) stressed on the importance of this program as a first step towards taking safety and health to the next level and urged every one to join hands together to make this program a success. HSE Champions shall be ambassadors for HSE. They shall promote HSE agenda and objectives among fellow employees. They shall also communicate unsafe conditions and unsafe acts to HSE Team on regular basis. HSE Team shall review performance of each HSE Champion and shall include new HSE Champions on as and when required basis|   | 2. HSE Session for Spouses of PSO Employees HSE Team took the initiative to impart HSE awareness among families of PSO employees to ensure safe and healthy homes. The session was aimed at being both interactive and informative and the objective was met through active participation of all. Knowledge was transferred both ways due to the interactive nature of the session. A detailed presentation was delivered by Manager (HSE) followed by Q/A sessions. |   | 3. Awareness Session on Ergonomics T amp; OD along with HSE Department organized a series of awareness sessions on ergonomics on 14th Dec 2010 for the employees. Dr. Tahir Baig Barlas (OHSE Consultant) renowned Occupational Health and Safety expert was the trainer. â€Å"Ergonomics is the science of studying how people interact with their working environment. At PSO House most employees are working on their workstations using computer and its accessories. Computers by default are an ergonomic challenge, with keyboards in particular being a major issue, and many people who work heavily on the computer experience repetitive stress injuries as part of their work. Reducing disability, discomfort, and pain as a result of such injuries is important in many workplaces†. |   | 4. Defensive Driving Training at PSO House Training for defensive driving was held at PSO house. Drivers were encouraged to share their experiences and concerns in this session. This session was very useful according to drivers. Executive HSE imparted the training to drivers. In total, 19 drivers participated in this training session. The purpose of conducting this session is to educate and inculcate the basic safety measures that have to be taken while drivingCUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT PSO has recently set up a dedicated service department that is major step towardscompany’s overall objective of becoming a customer-oriented company. Located at the company’s head office in Karachi the CSD is the first point of contact for the customers on day to day concerns and provides centralized customer service across PakistanTrained and professional staff attends to and solves the customers concerns andcomplaints quickly and effectivelyPUBLIC AFFAIRS/PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPARTMENT (PRD)The major function of the PRD is to ensure the projection of the company’s image as the country’s premier public sector organization and conscientious citizens. This is achieved by highlighting positive stories about the company in the media. Other functions of the department include event media management speech writing and keeping Managing Director and the company hierarchy informed. The department also tackles press queries and sets up interviews of the Managing Director with the media. It also coordinates with the brand management and other departments in the planning of events press conferences workshops seminars etc. The department is also involved in giving banners and tackling adds requests not related to advertisements campaign. The department personnel are also involved in the preparation of the annual report and writing of articlesPSO Loyalty CardPSO Loyalty Card is a novel concept that PSO had introduced in the fuel market. The PSO Loyalty Card is a mileage card enabling the customers to earn Loyalty Points every time they come for fuelling at PSO through their personalized PSO Loyalty Card. This is a unique offer from PSO to its customers in return for their trust and confidence in PSO, Pakistans largest Oil Marketing Company, for fuelling their vehicles. A major problem faced by PSO is the misconception in people’s mind that the oil used by shell is imported and of better quality, as shell is a foreign company in Pakistan. Although the sources are same but still shell is also aware of this fact and is exploiting it. PSO should do something about it like printing brochures that could explain people about the only sources available in Pakistan, emphasizing upon the fact that no oil is coming to Pak istan from any direct abroad sources. * Caltex basically has some control over the market because of the lubes it sells and the profit margin on lubes is much higher than on petrol. But as PSO and CASTROL have come together to make the right combination of â€Å"Top two together† they can overcome this problem as well. *   PSO has done very well in the financial sector, since its new vision period and will continue with the pace. Innovations and up to dating of the outlets in accordance with the needs of the changing world is a very important step towards both marketing and financial prosperity. * The other problem faced by PSO because of the competition is that the land acquiring at old or new places the bid gets too high that the land acquired becomes too expensive. PSO is becoming better day-by-day and after privatization the modifications   and changes they are expected to bring    SWOT Analysis A situation (SWOT) analysis is critical to the creation of any strategic plan. The SWOT analysis begins with a scan of the external environment. Organization must examine their situation in order to seek opportunities and monitor threats. Sources on info rmation include customers (internal or external), supplier, government (local, state, international) professional or trade association (convention and exhibition), journal and reports (scientific, professional and trade) Strengths . Market Share of 70% is one the main strength of PSO. 2. Company reputation in the industrial sectors adds the strengths for PSO. 3. Product quality is also strength especially in industrial sector. 4. Service quality like plastic cards and non-fuel activities adds the value. 5. Distribution amp; Fleet network, which covers 81% country retail network, is the key edge on PSO its competitors. 6. Promotional activities add value in brand awareness and attraction of new customers. 7. Innovation like Auto Car Wash helps PSO to differentiate with its main competitors. . Storage capacity, which holds 80% of total storage capacity of the country, is also key advantage over its competitors. 9. Technical skills in Fleet management are strength for PSO. 10. Visionar y, capable leadership adds value to PSO strength like their NVRO operations. 11. Financial Stability with strong reserves, paid-up capital adds the trust of stakeholders. 12. Product line width adds long range of products for more revenue opportunities. 13. Castrol brand affiliation with PSO adds strength in terms of brand awareness. 14. Relations with Government one of the key strength of PSO in order to get legal protections. Weaknesses 1. Lost amp; Dissatisfied customers are major weakness of PSO as they are causing the perception of inefficient PSO. 2. Old retail outlets are major weakness for PSO as they are not enough capable to compete the Shell, Caltex or Total outlets. 3. Untrained staff at outlets is causing inefficient services. 4. Quality assurance is not so effective to build the image of â€Å"Quality amp; Quantity†. Opportunities 1. Afghanistan’s Market is the biggest opportunity for OMCs in Pakistan. . De-regularities of Oil industry in Pakistan add the opportunity to fill the deficiency in few sectors of petrochemicals markets. 3. Export Opportunities of Black Oil Products is also adding the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   opportunities by exporting Black Oil products, which is facing downfall due to the introduction Gas Oil. 4. Industrial amp; Trade growth in Pakistan is also the opportunity for P SO as they are adding revenues in Power sector that is the major customer of PSO. Threats 1. Risk of forward integration of Supplier is the key threat for PSO and other OMCs in Pakistan. As the example, the PARCO who is one of the main POL product suppliers to OMCs adopt the forward integration strategy by introducing its own OMC with its new business alliance TOTAL and named its OMC as TOTAL- PARCO. 2. Risk of Diversification in technology is also a key threat for PSO as due to new technology used in industrial sector is causing decline in particular POL products. 3. Substitutes in Black Oil Market are causing a solid reason for the declining trend in Black Oil Products, which is major threat for PSO CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS PSO has been the market leader ever since it started operating with number of products delivering to its customers and providing satisfaction at all levels. PSO has keen interest in maintaining its relationship with corporate clients and other stake holders. PSO is engaged in providing health and safety to its employees and their families ranging from top management to pump attendants. Making sure each customer is satisfied and returns to PSO outlets with a smile and keeping positive image in mind. Pakistan state oil (PSO) is the largest company of Pakistan not only in the field ofoil marketing but also otherwise. It has been included in Asia’s top 1000 companies and thus is surely a pride for Pakistan. Although up till now it is Govt owned but it is about to be privatized in a month or so. As expected after privatization the company would be further more prosperous and generative in terms of revenues. * PSO certainly has a competitive advantage over all it’s competitors because of thevast network of it’s outlets all over Pakistan but at the same time a great deal ofresponsibility is required by them as they are not only an oil marketing companybut they have some responsibilities towards the people of Pakistan. Take an example of a PSO outlet in Chitral, while deciding to undertake thisproject or not the feasibility report rejects the idea of building it but being a Pakistani socially responsible company if even one public transport bus goes there then they have to build a petrol station over their. * PSO has been very innovative and successful since it realized the compet ition has actually started after SHELL came and acquired the market share from PSO. But after coming up with all those â€Å"new vision† outlets, PSO has proved to be never far behind.